“Brood x is a type of cicada that comes out every 17 years—we did not have that on our radar when we decided to put this planting in,” she explains, adding that the emerging bugs like to use new twigs for egg laying.

Despite that challenge, Brubaker and her siblings are “all in” on the plantings ever since they first heard about grants for riparian buffers on Facebook. The post called for farmers interested in planting trees near streams and rivers to apply for grants. Village Acres Farm was one of the recipients.

Through a combination of state grants and trees provided by Chesapeake Bay Foundation, the Brubakers have planted a slew of trees and bushes along Lost Creek. Their plantings are multi-use, reflecting the needs of their farm and the interests of all the siblings. They chose locust trees and aspens to provide dappled shade to support pasture grass growth, and mixed in fruit and nut trees, including chestnut, hazelnut, persimmon, and plum, which will become a perfect spot for livestock grazing. Nearer the creek, they planted oaks, maples, and sycamores that provide heavier shade.

“For the understory, lots of elderberry, different species of dogwood, willows . . . viburnum, hawthorn, and red bud,” Brubaker says of their choices. “Much of these were planted with the floral industry in mind—my sister was a florist in Indiana before she moved home to start growing flowers here at the farm.”

Farmers like the Brubakers are key adopters for the state’s efforts in agroforestry, the intentional planting of perennial plants on farmland to create environmental, economic and social benefits. The Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources (DCNR) is looking to expand the number of farmers who grow perennial crops on river-adjacent land. These buffers will help clean and restore not only the waters of Pennsylvania, but those downstream, including Chesapeake Bay, while sequestering carbon, increasing biodiversity and pollinator habitat, and even producing a profitable crop for farmers.

The Chesapeake may seem a distant locale to farmers in central Pennsylvania, but in the world of watersheds, they are very much connected. Chesapeake Bay is replenished by rivers draining six different states (plus the District of Columbia). Of these, Pennsylvania is a standout: approximately half of the land in the state drains into rivers that eventually make their way into the bay. In fact, the Susquehanna River, which meanders through much of the state, provides half of the freshwater flow into the Chesapeake, the waters of which are in trouble.

High levels of nitrogen, phosphorous and sediment, predominantly from runoff from fields and lawns, are polluting the Chesapeake. Algal blooms are one result of this, and sediment is also clouding the water. Seagrasses, fish and shellfish are all suffering, and dead zones are cropping up when the algae die en masse and use up the bay’s available oxygen.

In 2010, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defined maximum daily levels for pollution entering the bay and put the region on a “pollution diet” to clean the waters. To do this, states have implemented watershed implementation plans (WIP) to gradually meet these standards by 2025.

After a program review in 2017, the EPA found Pennsylvania was not on track to meeting its targets, and so as the biggest water contributor, the state had to set robust targets, including planting about 86,000 acres (34,800 hectares) of riparian buffers, which slow water flow to trap sediment and pollutants.

Lessons on Making the Best Buffer

The majority of the target for planting riparian buffers, or 83,000 acres (33,600 hectares), is for agricultural land, while the remaining plantings are geared toward developed areas.

Agroforestry efforts like riparian buffers are not a new idea, and Pennsylvania has been down this restoration road before. In the early 2000s, stream buffers got a lot of attention and were funded by federal programs like CREP (Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program), says Teddi Stark, watershed forestry program manager with the DCNR. However, these early efforts weren’t entirely successful.

“At the time, trees were not planted in rows, they were planted in a more natural layout,” Stark says, adding that the approach prevented mowing or spraying. Upkeep of the plantings was too difficult, and a lot of early plantings failed.

“We learned a lot since then,” Stark says. She explains that many buffers, planted through CREP and other new buffer programs, are now designed to be planted in easy-to-mow rows. “[We] will ask the landowner, ‘What kind of mowers are you planning on using here?’ and design that buffer so they can easily get through the rows [to] take care of it a few times a year.”

To meet the pollution reduction numbers, state scientists tried a bottom-up approach: start locally with more outreach efforts in communities around Pennsylvania. “One of the things accomplished last year during the pandemic is we rolled out our first state-level outreach campaign,” Stark says.

Using grant money from the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, they distributed outreach materials to around 8,000 landowners in south central Pennsylvania, a region that is of particular interest for pollution reduction. “We have been working with landowners who have responded,” Stark says, “and there were a lot of other landowners around the state that reached out based on those efforts and said, ‘Hey, I’m interested to know, I didn’t get a mailer, but I want to sign up.’”

Stark also notes that it’s not just mailers that are effective; county conservation districts and local nonprofits are also talking directly to farmers to get them on board.

Profitable Plantings?

It’s a targeted and specific approach to riparian buffers. “Let’s be really smart about this area of agroforestry and production buffers; let’s figure out what kinds of farms and enterprises truly are going to be profitable, and find those farmers who are interested in that,” Garber says.

To do that, Garber and Stroud researchers have teamed up with Propagate Ventures to design and implement for-profit, lower-risk buffers that can provide a source of income for farmers. Audrey Epp Schmidt, director of business development at Propagate, says that means considering not only the crop, but the needs of the farmer.

“A really important piece of the way that we work is understanding what the long-term vision is that the farmer has for their system [and] coupling that with most profitable opportunities,” she says. “If you pick a crop that doesn’t match the lifestyle or the operation that a farmer has, forget about it—it’s not going to work operationally or financially.”

Getting farmers to commit to the installation and care of a riparian buffer can be a bottleneck for these efforts, and while appealing to farmers’ bottom line is one option, it wasn’t clear how much profit was possible in a planned buffer. To solve that, Stroud and Propagate teamed up to identify three pilot farms to be test cases for riparian buffers and profitability.

Three farms have gone through a detailed analysis and more are in the works. Epp Schmidt says farmers were given a blueprint with detailed planting plans along with cash flow graphs showing capital and operating expenses, plus labor requirements. This level of detail should allow farmers to get the most bang for their riparian buffer buck.

“A fellow farmer is the best salesman you can ask for [with] any system,” Epp Schmidt says. “A farmer wants to hear from another farmer, ‘What are the good, the bad and the ugly of this cropping system?’” She says that once the pilot farms are established, neighboring farmers can come over and “kick the tires” to really see what these agroforestry practices look like. “That’s going to ultimately be our best tool to really accelerate adoption.”

Boosting Buffer Benefits

Despite such benefits, Pennsylvania is currently behind on its acreage goal. “We’re doing somewhere between 1,000 and 2,000 acres [400-800 hectares] a year right now, which is obviously not fast enough,” Stark says, noting that the average cost to implement a buffer is $5,000 per acre ( about $12,400 per hectare)—not an insignificant amount of money. “We’re trying to find innovative ways to fund riparian forest buffer plantings, just because there’s so much work to be done.”

At the moment, funding for buffers comes from a combination of government grants, nonprofits, and foundations, and potentially low-interest loans in the near future. “We rely heavily on all of our partner organizations to make this work happen at the local level,” Stark says. “Without that community in that partnership, things wouldn’t be happening.

“We know [installing riparian buffers] is the right thing to do as far as conservation, and environmentally,” Stark adds. “But we also know the farmers that have the property where these buffers are most critical are struggling—we want to make sure that we’re doing things that help them and not make their lives harder at an already very difficult time.”

Outreach efforts and new approaches to increase plantings are set to continue toward adding to the buffer acreage. “It’s the win-win of adding trees to the landscape, plus profitability for farmers,” Epp Schmidt says. “That coupling of economic development with ecological outcomes is something that agroforestry is uniquely positioned to really help Pennsylvania with their WIP.”

This article originally appeared in Mongabay, and is reprinted with permission. It is part of Mongabay’s ongoing coverage of trends in global agroforestry, view the full series here.